Proceso de aprendizaje a medida

"Aprender inglés" no existe.

Para aprender inglés o mejorar tu nivel tienes que bajar la escalera de la abstracción y establecer unas necesidades y metas concretas.

No son las mismas necesidades para quien tiene que defender su proyecto de robótica en un congreso internacional en inglés, para quien necesita un nivel para viajar por el mundo, para quien quiere prepararse para una entrevista laboral y defender su CV, para el responsable de mantenimiento en un hotel internacional, para un profesional que quiere internacionalizar sus servicios... En definitiva: hay tantas necesidades en el aprendizaje y mejora como personas.

Bespoke English Madrid learning process:

1. Define tus necesidades de una forma específica y realista
2. Establece unos objetivos y un plan
3. Sigue el plan de una forma constante
4. Habla todo lo que puedas en las clases, y escucha y haz preguntas. Lee y escribe diariamente.
5. Usa el inglés todo lo que puedas y empieza a sentirte cómodo con tu nivel para establecer un nuevo conjunto de objetivos y empezar una mejora continua.


phonetic symbols - consonants

La pronunciación en inglés es muy importante para entender y para que se te entienda. 


A la hora de mejorar tu nivel es conveniente que te acostumbres a los símbolos fonéticos: cuando consultes una palabra en el diccionario no te fijes solamente en la ortografía y significado; la pronunciación es imprescindible para reconocer esa palabra cuando la oigas y para que se te entienda cuando la pronuncies.
Pronunciation is very important in English. Get used to the phonetic symbols when looking up a new word in the dictionary: it will help you to understand and to be understood.


phonetic symbols - vowels and diphthongs

La pronunciación en inglés es muy importante para entender y para que se te entienda. 

A la hora de mejorar tu nivel es conveniente que te acostumbres a los símbolos fonéticos: cuando consultes una palabra en el diccionario no te fijes solamente en la ortografía y significado; la pronunciación es imprescindible para reconocer esa palabra cuando la oigas y para que se te entienda cuando la pronuncies.
Pronunciation is very important in English. Get used to the phonetic symbols when looking up a new word in the dictionary: it will help you to understand and to be understood.




TO o FOR?

¿Cuando usar TO o FOR? 

En líneas generales usamos to para indicar movimiento en dirección hacia alguien o algo: re produce una especie de transferencia.
For indica que alguien se beneficia de algo.

Los usos y significados de to y for son muy amplios y variados. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:


pasta, guita, pavos, plata, mangos, lucas, ...

Hablando de pasta, guita, pavos, plata, mangos, lucas, ...

- buck /bʌk/: (plural bucks) US slang one dollar
- quid /kwɪd/: ( pl quid) UK slang one pound sterling

- fiver /ˈfaɪvəʳ/:
UK, slang (British money: five-pound note)
US, slang (US money: five-dollar bill)

- tenner /ˈtenəʳ/:
UK, slang (ten-pound note)
US, slang (ten-dollar bill)

- grand /grænd/: slang (1000 dollars, pounds)
- K /keɪ/: (=thousand)


Example: A nurse earns under 19k a year on the NHS front line, a footballer that kicks a ball earns over 100k a week, this country is wrong!


Modales probabilidad, deducción

You speak English very well. You must have been practising a lot!

Expressing possibility, probability and certainty.

We use modals of deduction to say how sure we are about something, to speculate about present and past situations

- Debes estar cansado después de un vuelo tan largo.
- Es tarde para llamarla, podría estar ya dormida.
- No puede ser Steve, él es mucho más alto.
- No encuentro mis llaves, tengo que haberlas dejado en casa.
- Mark llega tarde. Puede haber perdido el bus.

- No pudo haberlo cogido. Estuvo conmigo todo el tiempo.


or else! ¡o te vas a enterar!

idiomor else,

or suffer the consequences: 
Do exactly what I say, or else. Haz lo que te digo o verás

Aquí tienes distintos usos y singificados de else:

else /els/ ADV
1(after pron)
all else todo lo demás
anybody else cualquier otro
anybody else would do it cualquier otro lo haría
I don't know anyone else here aquí no conozco a nadie más
anything else
anything else is impossible cualquier otra cosa es imposible
have you anything else to tell me? ¿tienes algo más que decirme?
anything else, sir? (in shop) ¿algo más, señor?
anywhere else en cualquier otro sitio
everyone else todos los demás
everything else todo lo demás
nobody else nadie más
nobody else knows no lo sabe nadie más
nothing else nada más
there was nothing else I could do no había otro remedio
nothing else, thank you (in shop) nada más, gracias, es todo, gracias
nowhere else en ningún otro sitio
somebody else otra persona
somebody else's coat el abrigo de otro
there's somebody else, isn't there? hay alguien más, ¿verdad?
something else otra cosa(informal) (=wonderful) estupendo
somewhere else en otro sitio, en otra parte
2(after interrog)
how else? ¿de qué otra manera?
what else ...? ¿qué más ...?
where else ...? ¿en qué otro sitio ...?, ¿dónde más ...? LAm
where else can he have gone? ¿a qué otro sitio habrá podido ir?
who else ...? ¿quién si no ...?, ¿quién más ...?
who else could do it as well as you? ¿quién si no or quién más podría hacerlo tan bien como usted?
3(adv of quantity)
there is little else to be done poco se puede hacer aparte de eso
he said that, and much else dijo eso y mucho más
4(=otherwise)
or else si no
red or else black rojo o bien negro
or else I'll do it si no, lo hago yo
keep quiet or else go away cállate o vete
do as I say, or else!(informal) (expressing threat) ¡haz lo que te digo o si no verás!
5(standing alone)
how could I have done it else? ¿de qué otro modo hubiera podido hacerlo?

Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged - 8th Edition 2005 © HarperCollins Publishers:

adjective
1.
other than the persons or things mentioned or implied:
What else could I have done?
2.
in addition to the persons or things mentioned or implied:
Who else was there?
3.
other or in addition (used in the possessive following an indefinite pronoun):
someone else's money.



kind of, sort of + adjective or verb

kind of, sort of + adjective or verb = 
de alguna manera, algo así, un poco + adjetivo o verbo

a kind of, a sort of + noun = 
una especie, un tipo de + nombre


* kind of, sort of + adjective or verb = a little, somehow + adjective or verb
People also use sort of or kind of in front of adjectives, verbs, and other types of word to mean 'a little' or 'in some way', or with very little meaning.
-I felt kind of sorry for him.
-I've sort of heard of him, but I don't know who he is.

* It's a kind of... a sort of... +noun = It's a type, a variety of +noun
In conversation and in less formal writing, people use a sort of or a kind of in front of a noun to say that something could be described as being a particular thing.
-Kakiage is a kind of tempura



¿cómo es que...?

How come?
It's a very common expression, especially in British English, to ask about the reason for something.
¿Y eso? ¿cómo es que...?



enough


/ɪˈnʌf/

suficiente, bastante






Different meanings of SPRING

Different meanings of SPRING:

As a noun:
1.       The season of the year between winter and summer.
2.       An elastic device, such as a coil of wire, which regains its original shape after being compressed or extended.
3.       A small stream of water flowing naturally from the earth.
4.       A source, beginning, or motive.

As a verb: (to spring – sprang – sprung)
1.       To come into being:  Flowers sprung from the plant
2.       To appear or come into being quickly: New businesses are springing up rapidly.
3.       To emerge: Water springs from the fountain

4.       To leap suddenly: A frog sprang from the lily pad

primavera, muelle, manantial, fuente
brotar, aparecer, surgir, saltar


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Discover a way to practice speaking English alone to improve your spoken English. This approach can help improve several aspects of your pronunciation, your grammar, your sentence structure, your vocabulary, and your ability to communicate with others in English.

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get + participio

Cuando a ‘get’ le sigue un adjetivo, adverbio o participio pasado, este verbo adopta el significado de pasar de un estado a otro, podría traducirse como ‘convertirse’.

Fíjate que en muchos casos este verbo sirve para reproducir la reflexividad de ‘se’.
Por ejemplo, ‘se aburrió’: ‘he got bored’.

En primer lugar, recordemos:
-El pasado de ‘get’ es ‘got’
-El participio es, en inglés británico ‘got’ y, en inglés americano  ‘gotten’.
 Ambos son correctos.
-El gerundio se forma doblando la última consonante ‘t’: ‘getting’.

Ya sabemos que ‘get’, en su forma más ‘común’,  y seguido de sustantivo, significa ‘obtener’, ‘lograr’ o ‘conseguir’.

El verbo 'to get' tiene muchos significados que podremos conocer por el contexto: volverse, recibir, empezar, obtener, llegar, traer…

Con adjetivos expresa estados: get tired, get angry.


to get + past participle - hacerse, volverse, ponerse

Casi: nearly - almost - hardly

Nearly: casi, cerca de (una cantidad), aproximadamante
Almost: casi
Hardly: casi, apenas, casi no

Let's see the differences and uses:

Difference between almost and nearly

Almost and nearly have similar meanings. They are both used to express ideas connected with progress, measurement or counting.

He slipped and almost fell to the ground. 
or 
He slipped and nearly fell to the ground.


Dinner is almost / nearly ready. (= Dinner will soon be ready.)

Sometimes almost shows more ‘nearness’ than nearly.

Compare:
It is nearly 12 o’clock. (= perhaps 11.45)

It is almost 12 o’clock. (= perhaps 11.55)


Differences

Nearly can be used with very and prettyAlmost cannot be used with very and pretty.
I have pretty nearly finished. (NOT I have pretty almost finished.)
Nearly is less common in American English.

Differences

Nearly suggests progress towards a goal. Almost suggests ideas such as similarity.

He is almost like a father to me. (NOT He is nearly like a father to me.)

She has got a strange accent. She almost sounds foreign.

Nearly is not normally used before negative words like never, nobody, nothing, any etc. Instead we use almost or hardly with ever, anybody, anything etc.
The speaker said almost nothing.  OR The speaker said hardly anything. (= The speaker said only a few words of little importance.)
(NOT The speaker said nearly nothing.)

Almost nobody came. OR Hardly anybody came. (NOT Nearly nobody came.)


Hardly is a negative word and is often used with words like 'any' and 'ever', but it should not be used with other negative words: We hardly ever do anything interesting.

Hardly comes before the main verb of a sentence, but when there is a modal or auxiliary verb, hardly usually comes after it: I can hardly breathe. ♦You have hardly done any work.
In stories and in formal English, hardly is sometimes used at the beginning of a sentence before an auxiliary verb: Hardly had she begun to speak, when there was a shout from the back of the hall.

Hardly is not related to the word 'hard'.




Significado de UP en phrasal verbs

Probablemente el adverbio UP es uno de los que forman más phrasal verbs. En líneas generales, UP tiene el sentido de un movimiento hacia arriba, de empezar, de incrementar, de realización o terminación.

Movimiento hacia arriba
He always gets up early. (get up = levantarse)
Empezar 
He’s setting up a new business in his hometown. (set up = emprender un negocio)
Incrementar
If you turn up the volume, you’ll bother the neighbors. (turn up = subir el volumen)
Realizar por completo
Drink up your coffee! We have to go (drink up = apurar el trago, terminar la bebida)
Terminar
I ended up going to the party after the gym (end up doing sth.= terminar haciendo algo)
Como siempre, hay excepciones—algunos phrasal verbs tienen más de un significado, y algunos de los significados no parecen tener mucho que ver con el significado literal de “up”. 


Variedades del inglés

El inglés es la lengua materna de más de 350 millones de personas, por lo cual no es sorprendente que a pesar de las fuerzas que hoy en día tienden a homogeneizarlo (Internet, la televisión, el cine, etc.), haya diferencias en la manera de hablarlo o escribirlo. Por otra parte, el número de personas que hoy habla inglés como lengua extranjera es, según algunos lingüistas, es tres veces superior al de los hablantes nativos del idioma. Dejando de lado las características de esta lengua franca en la cual se expresan los millones de personas que hablan inglés como segunda lengua, mencionamos aquí las variedades usadas en los principales países de habla inglesa.

Las diferencias entre el inglés americano y el británico son fundamentalmente de tres tipos:

ortográficas,
léxicas y
de pronunciación.

Existen además pequeñas diferencias gramaticales, pero no son numerosas ; un ejemplo de ellas es el uso del pasado simple en inglés americano en contextos en los cuales un hablante británico usaría el Present perfect: Did you eat yet? (AmE ), Have you eaten yet? (BrE ). En cuanto a las diferencias ortográficas y léxicas, lo importante es no combinar formas de ambas variedades del inglés al redactar un documento.



Cómo pronunciar -ed del pasado de los verbos regulares

How to pronounce 'ed' at the end of a verb
It's difficult to know how to pronounce 'ed' in English, because it's pronounced in three different ways. It depends on the letter before:
The three ways are:
1: /id/ (like in painted 'paint-id')
2: /t/ (like in 'hoped')
3: /d/ (like in 'played')
The most important thing to remember is this:
If the verb has a 'd' or a 't' sound before 'ed' you need to pronounce 'id'. If it doesn't, don't pronounce an extra syllable.
Be careful! It's the sound, not the letter: 'decide' is pronounced 'decide-id' even though it ends in 'e', because we don't say the 'e', so the last sound is 'd'.
So for example:
wanted /want-id/
ended /end-id/
admitted /admit-id/
started /start-id/
For the other two sounds it doesn't matter so much. Just make sure you don't say '-id'! For example, 'stopped' is pronounced 'stopt' and never 'stop-id'.
If the word before 'ed' ends in the sounds 'p', 'f', 's', 'ch', 'sh', 'k', then 'ed' is pronounced 't':
So:
'p' stopped /stop-t/
'f' laughed /laf-t/
's' promised /promis-t/
'ch' watched /watch-t/
'sh' finished /finish-t/
'k' walked /walk-t/
For all other words, 'ed' is pronounced 'd'


AL REVÉS - SÈVER LA

¿Cómo expresar "al revés" en inglés?



Expressing purpose: TO+inf or FOR+-ing

Cuando expresamos un propósito + verbo (para + verbo) solemos utilizar TO + inf. en la mayoría de los casos. Pero a veces dudamos si expresarlo mediante FOR + -ing. 

We must understand the usage of “to verb” and “for verb” to be able to distinguish between the contexts where these phrases can be used correctly.

Use of “to verb" – This phrase is used when we need to present the purpose or the intention of an action. This phrase is actually a shorter way of “writing” “in order to verb”. Let’s take the simple sentences with this phrase we mentioned in the beginning of the article.

1.            Joe wrote a book to share his experiences with others: This sentence correctly uses “to share” because it presents the purpose why Joe wrote the book. It is explicit from the context that Joe wrote the book because he wanted to share his experience with others.

2.            Joe got acclaims to write the book: This sentence does not use “to write” correctly because writing the book is certainly not the purpose of Joe getting acclaims.

Use of “for verb-ing” – Since “for” is a preposition, it can modify either a noun or a verb. Prepositional phrase “for verb-ing” can modify the verb or the noun in that it denotes some relation to the entity it modifies. Let’s understand this through the previously mentioned simple sentences.

1.            Joe got acclaims for writing the book: This sentence correctly uses “for writing” because this prepositional phrase logically modifies the verb “got”. Here, there is no question of presenting any purpose. The sentence rather explains “what for” Joe got acclaims. Hence, use of “for writing” is correct.

2.            Joe wrote a book for sharing his experiences with others: This sentence incorrectly uses “for sharing” to denote Joe’s intention of writing the book.




for or to + infinitive: individual purpose
For is commonly used with nouns to express individual purpose:

I popped into the supermarket for some apples on the way home.
(Not: I popped into the supermarket for buying some apples…)

I stopped by at his office for a chat about our marketing strategy.
(Not: I stopped by at his office for having a chat about marketing.)

I decided I would save up for a new computer.
(NOT: I decided I would save up for buying a new computer.)

If we want to express individual purpose with a verb pattern, we are obliged to use to + infinitive:

I stopped by at the supermarket to buy some apples on the way home.

I popped into his office to have a chat about our marketing policy.

I decided to save up to buy a new computer.

                               
For + verb-ing: the purpose of an object

However, if we are talking about the purpose of an object or an action, we normally use the for + verb-ing pattern. Note that this pattern commonly answers the question: What are they (used) for? Compare the following:

Schools are for educating children not for entertaining them.

Schools are for learning. Life is for living.

This kitchen knife is especially useful for slicing vegetables.

What's this for? ~ It's for opening oysters. It's much better than a knife.

What's this fifty pound note for? ~ It's for buying food for the weekend.

Note that when the subject of the sentence is a person rather than the thing described, the to + infinitive pattern is also possible:

I use this small knife to slice vegetables with.

I use this gadget to open shellfish with.

                                                              
                               
in order to / so as to

Note that, as an alternative to to + infinitive, we might use in order to, or so as to, to express individual purpose when we want to be more formal or explicit about the reason for doing something. All of these structures answer the question: Why…?. Compare the following:

I went to bed early in order to get enough sleep before the exam.

After four weeks of exams, I went to the seaside to rest.

After twenty days of exams, I went to the seaside for a rest.

After all those exams, I went to the seaside so as to have a good rest.

The in order to and so as to structures are particularly useful with stative verbs such as be, have, know, appear, and before negative inifinitives:

So as not to appear foolish, I learnt all I could about the company before going for the interview.

I'm going to move to the city centre in order to be near where I work.

In order not to have to commute, she bought a flat in the town centre.


In order to know more about him, she studied his movements carefully.


beat around the bush - andarse con rodeos

beat around the bush:
v expr, figurative (not get to the point) andarse por las ramas, irse por las ramas, irse por los cerros de Úbeda, andarse con rodeos. (España fam)   marear la perdiz loc verb
                
Let's not beat about the bush; I know exactly what you did.
                No nos andemos por las ramas, se exactamente lo que hicisteis.

beat about the bush: (avoid getting to the point) dar rodeos.

without beating about the bush: adv informal (in a straightforward way) sin irse por las ramas loc adv
                He told me right away what he thought, without beating about the bush.
Me contó directamente lo que pensaba, sin andarse con rodeos.